Philanthropy

Synderesis Synderesis- Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent to good. Symposium Symposium- Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with garlands of flowers. Stoicism Stoicism- Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its foundation. Sophists Sophists- Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias. Solovyov, Vladimir Solovyov, Vladimir- 19th century Russian philosopher. Skepticism, Contemporary Skepticism, Contemporary- Introduction to the current discussion of skepticism. Skepticism, Ancient Greek Skepticism, Ancient Greek- A description of skepticism in Ancient Greece, led by Pyrrho. Shaftesbury, Earl of Shaftesbury, Earl of- Patron of John Locke Roman Philosophy Roman Philosophy- Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Pyrrho Pyrrho- 4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism. Peripatetics Peripatetics- Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines. Solipsism Solipsism- The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states. Neoplatonism Neoplatonism- The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry. Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato. Moral Luck Moral Luck- Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference? Lombard, Peter Lombard, Peter- French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard. Positivism, Legal Positivism, Legal- Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions. Just War Theory Just War Theory- Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf. Stoic Philosophy of Mind Stoic Philosophy of Mind- Description of the philosophy of Mind of the Stoics, including the relationship between mind and body, perception, action-theory, and emotion. Encyclopedists Encyclopedists- Group of French philosophers and men of letters who collaborated in the production of the famous Encyclopedie. Interventionism Interventionism- Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by individuals. Identity Theory Identity Theory- Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical. Huxley, Thomas Henry Huxley, Thomas Henry- 19th century zoologist and advocate of Darwinism. Humanism Humanism- Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement. Hodgson, Shadworth Hodgson, Shadworth- Follower of Kant, founder of the Aristotelian Society. Hobbes, Thomas Hobbes, Thomas- 17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651). Hippias Hippias- Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality. Heraclitus Heraclitus- 5th century BCE. Presocratic Greek philosopher. Hegelians, St. Louis Hegelians, St. Louis- 19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris. God, Western Concepts of God, Western Concepts of- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on God from Socrates to Nietzsche. German Idealism German Idealism- The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others. Freud, Sigmund Freud, Sigmund- Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century. Fichte, Immanuel Hermann Fichte, Immanuel Hermann- Aimed to secure a philosophical basis for the personality of God. Cyrenaics Cyrenaics- Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE. The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists. Cudworth, Ralph Cudworth, Ralph- 17th century 'Cambridge Platonist' who fought for preservation of religious ideals, including divine illumination. Davidson, Donald Davidson, Donald- Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and action of the 20th/21st century. Social Contract Theory Social Contract Theory- View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement. Caird, Edward Caird, Edward- Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s. Beccaria, Cesare Beccaria, Cesare- 18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the Italian criminal justice system. Bakhtin Circle Bakhtin Circle- School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation. Anselm Anselm- 11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians. Anaximenes Anaximenes- 5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body. Active Powers Active Powers- The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy. Chinese Room Argument Chinese Room Argument- John Searle's thought experiment is one of the best known counters to claims of artificial intelligence. Husserl, Edmund Husserl, Edmund- Leader of the German phenomenological movement. Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich- Examines the poet's role in the development of German Idealism. Eclecticism Eclecticism- Group of ancient philosophers who sought to reach by selection the highest degree of probability in the search for truth. Egoism, Psychological and Ethical Egoism, Psychological and Ethical- Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action. Emanation Emanation- The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary. Euclides Euclides- 4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect. Epicurus Epicurus- 4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period.