Philanthropy

Hilbert's Program Hilbert's Program- In 1921, David Hilbert made a proposal for a formalist foundation of mathematics, for which a finitary consistency proof should establish the security of mathem… Alan M. Turing Alan M. Turing- Life and work of philosopher and mathematician Alan Mathison Turing; by Andrew Hodges. Church-Turing Thesis Church-Turing Thesis- Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand outlines this frequently misunderstood thesis. Gottlob Frege Gottlob Frege- Edward N. Zalta of the Metaphysics Research Lab. Category Theory Category Theory- Jean-Pierre Marquis of the University of Montreal introduces the general mathematical theory of structures and systems of structures. Benjamin Peirce Benjamin Peirce- Life and work of 19th century mathematician and philosopher of mathematics; by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh. Aristotle's Rhetoric Aristotle's Rhetoric- Discussion of one of Aristotle's major works; by Christof Rapp. Sovereignty Sovereignty- Modern notion of political authority of supreme authority within a territory; by Dan Philpott. Constitutionalism Constitutionalism- Philosophical survey of the idea that government should be limited in its powers by law; by Wil Waluchow. Equality Equality- Survey of social and political equality; by Stefan Gosepath. Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy- Survey of work of Thomas Hobbes; by Sharon A. Lloyd. Cosmology: Methodological Debates 1932-48 Cosmology: Methodological Debates 1932-48- Discusses philosophical views about cosmology in the 1930s and 1940s; by George Gale. Quantum Mechanics Quantum Mechanics- Survey by Jenann Ismael. Collapse Theories Collapse Theories- Survey of the dynamical reduction program; by Giancarlo Ghirardi. Relational Quantum Mechanics Relational Quantum Mechanics- An interpretation of quantum theory which discards the notions of absolute state of a system, absolute value of its physical quantities, or absolute … The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics- Interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Hugh Everett according to which many universes exist in parallel at the same space … The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics- First interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Nields Bohr; by Jan Faye. The Kochen-Specker Theorem The Kochen-Specker Theorem- By Carsten Held. Measurement in Quantum Theory Measurement in Quantum Theory- Study of the details and some of the implications of the measurement problem. By Henry Krips of the University of Pittsburgh. Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics- Describes Everett's attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from the standard von Neu… Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics- By Lawrence Sklar. René Descartes' Life and Works René Descartes' Life and Works- Life and work of 17th century French philosopher; by Kurt Smith. Confucius Confucius- The life and work of the Chinese philosopher and educator; by Jeffrey Riegel. Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards- Life and work of 18th century American philosophical theologian; by William Wainwright. Dante Alighieri Dante Alighieri- Life and work of 13th century Italian poet and philosopher; by Winthrop Wetherbee. Prisoner's Dilemma Prisoner's Dilemma- By Steven T. Kuhn of Georgetown University. The Turing Test The Turing Test- Proposal due to Alan Turing for a criterion of the presence of mind or consciousness; by Graham Oppy and David Dowe. Turing Machine Turing Machine- Article on Turing Machines from the Stanford Encyclopedia. The Modern History of Computing The Modern History of Computing- Historical survey from Babbage onward; by B. Jack Copeland. Actualism Actualism- The thesis that there are no merely possible entities; by Christopher Menzel. Action Action- Theories about intentional action and agency; by George Wilson. Liberalism Liberalism- Gerald F. Gaus outlines the general philosophical theory of liberalism. Natural Law Natural Law- Standards that govern human behavior objectively derived from the nature of human beings. Lotze, Rudolf Hermann Lotze, Rudolf Hermann- 19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel. Wittgenstein, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Ludwig- Detailed essay on the life and work of the 20th century philosopher. Leucippus Leucippus- 5th century BCE founder of atomism. Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich- 18th century German philosopher, famous for effective criticism of Kant. Theophrastus Theophrastus- Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to Aristotle at the Lyceum. Warburton, William Warburton, William- 18th century Church of England bishop, and critic of the Deists. Ockham, William of Ockham, William of- Detailed biography of the 14th century Franciscan. Timon Timon- 3rd century BCE disciple of Pyrrho. Thales Thales- Detailed biographical essay on the Ancient Greek philosopher. Stirling, James Hutchison Stirling, James Hutchison- 19th century British Idealist, Hegelian academic. Stilpo Stilpo- 4th century BCE member of the Megarean school. Renaissance Renaissance- Brief article on the transition between Middle Ages and modernity. Vienna Circle Vienna Circle- Organised the development of logical positivism in the 1920s. Included Carnap, Feigl, Frank, Gödel, Hahn, Kraft, Neurath, Waismann. Popper and Wittgenstein also had… Rights, Human Rights, Human- A treatment of the origins and development of the theory of human rights, with philosophical analysis, justifications, and criticisms. Truth Truth- Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz. Russell's Paradox Russell's Paradox- Examines self-referential linguistics used to describe properties and sets. Voluntarism Voluntarism- Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will.