Philanthropy

Biological Altruism Biological Altruism- Discussion of how altruistic behavior by organisms fits with the theory of evolution; by Samir Okasha. The Biological Notion of Self and Non-self The Biological Notion of Self and Non-self- History and discussion of the notion of the immune self; by Alfred Tauber. Species Species- Philosophical theories on what makes a species; by Marc Ereshefsky. Teleological Notions in Biology Teleological Notions in Biology- By Colin Allen of Texas A&M. Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science- By Elizabeth Anderson. Social Epistemology Social Epistemology- Survey of views on the social dimension of knowledge; by Alvin Goldman. Virtue Epistemology Virtue Epistemology- By John Greco of Fordham. Qualia Qualia- Qualia are introspectively accessible, phenomenal aspects of our mental lives. By Michael Tye. Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification- Survey of theories according to which knowledge and justified belief rest ultimately on a foundation of noninferential knowled… Formal Learning Theory Formal Learning Theory- Discusses mathematical approaches to normative epistemology; by Oliver Schulte. Evolutionary Epistemology Evolutionary Epistemology- Survey of naturalistic epistemology which emphasizes importance of natural selection; by Michael Bradie and William Harms Bayesian Epistemology Bayesian Epistemology- Epistemological movement based on Bayesian confirmation and decision theory; by William Talbott. Bayes' Theorem Bayes' Theorem- Discussion of a formula to calculate conditional probabilities which figures in subjectivist approaches to epistemology; by James Joyce. Ancient Skepticism Ancient Skepticism- Two movements in ancient philosophy, Pyrrhonism, and Academic Skepticism. By Leo Groarke. The Analysis of Knowledge The Analysis of Knowledge- Survey of analyses of the concept of knowledge, including justified true belief and the Gettier problem; by Matthias Steup. Color Color- Metaphysical and epistemological accounts of color. By Barry Maund of the University of Western Australia. Naturalized Epistemology Naturalized Epistemology- The view that epistemology is of one piece with natural science; by Richard Feldman. Feminist History of Philosophy Feminist History of Philosophy- Survey of feminist writing on the philosophical canon; by Charlotte Witt. Descartes' Ontological Argument Descartes' Ontological Argument- Discussion of René Descartes ontological proof of the existence of God; by Lawrence Nolan. Philosophy and Christian Theology Philosophy and Christian Theology- Discussion of philosophical implications of Christian theological views; by Michael Murray. Omnipotence Omnipotence- The theistic thesis that God has maximal power; by Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz. Immutability Immutability- The doctrine that God cannot undergo real change; by Brian Leftow. Theological Voluntarism Theological Voluntarism- Survey of divine command theory; by Mark Murphy. Ontological Arguments Ontological Arguments- Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premisses which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation… Pascal's wager Pascal's wager- An argument due to Blaise Pascal for believing, or for at least taking steps to believe, in God. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Alan Hájek. Globalization Globalization- Social theory and philosophy issues in globalization; by William Scheuerman. Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory- Assesses the metaphysical implications of quantum theory by considering the impact of the theory on our understanding of objects as i… On The Nature of Law On The Nature of Law- Survey of theories on the conditions of legal validity including natural law theories and legal positivism; by Andrei Marmor. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy- Online philosophy reference work, articles are authored and updated by experts in the field. Edited by Edward Zalta. The Mathematics of Boolean Algebra The Mathematics of Boolean Algebra- Survey of the algebra of two-valued logic; by J. Donald Monk. Disjunction Disjunction- Theory and history of the binary connective 'or'; by Ray Jennings. Automated Reasoning Automated Reasoning- Survey of automated deduction and theorem proving; by Frederic Portoraro. The Epsilon Calculus The Epsilon Calculus- Discussion of David Hilbert's development of this type of logical formalism with emphasis on proof-theoretic methods; by Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach. Classical Logic Classical Logic- Introduction to classical logic, including completeness and Löwenheim-Skolem theorems; by Stewart Shapiro. Set Theory Set Theory- Survey of the mathematical theory of the infinite; by Thomas Jech. Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy Logic- Survey of logical systems with a continuum of truth values; by Petr Hajek. Intuitionistic Logic Intuitionistic Logic- The principles L. E. J. Brouwer used in developing his intuitionistic mathematics. By Joan R. Moschovakis, UCLA. Infinitary Logic Infinitary Logic- Infinitary Logic is a branch of formal logic where finitary formulae are replaced by potentially infinitary mathematical entities. By John L. Bell. Temporal Logic Temporal Logic- The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on the subject, with a detailed description, application areas and a bibliography. Mally's Deontic Logic Mally's Deontic Logic- Discussion of Ernst Mally's logic of obligation; by Gert-Jan Lokhorst. Modal Logic Modal Logic- Originally the study of deductive behavior of the expressions `it is necessary that' and `it is possible that', now also includes logics for belief, tense, the deonti… Substructural Logics Substructural Logics- By Greg Restall of Macquarie University. Many-Valued Logic Many-Valued Logic- Survey article on multiple-valued logics, by Siegfried Gottwaldof of Leipzig University. Logic and games Logic and games- Survey of game-theoretical approaches to logic; by Wilfrid Hodges. Peter of Spain (Petrus Hispanus) Peter of Spain (Petrus Hispanus)- Life and work of 13th century logician and author of the Tractatus; by Joke Spruyt. Square of Opposition Square of Opposition- By Terence Parsons. Medieval Theories of Modality Medieval Theories of Modality- By Simo Knuuttila of the University of Helsinki. Medieval Theories of Analogy Medieval Theories of Analogy- By E. Jennifer Ashworth of the University of Waterloo. Charles Sanders Peirce Charles Sanders Peirce- Life and work of 19th century American logician and philosopher; by Robert Burch. Peirce's Logic Peirce's Logic- By Eric M. Hammer of Stanford.