Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Immutability Immutability- The doctrine that God cannot undergo real change; by Brian Leftow. Theological Voluntarism Theological Voluntarism- Survey of divine command theory; by Mark Murphy. Ontological Arguments Ontological Arguments- Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premisses which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation… Pascal's wager Pascal's wager- An argument due to Blaise Pascal for believing, or for at least taking steps to believe, in God. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Alan Hájek. Globalization Globalization- Social theory and philosophy issues in globalization; by William Scheuerman. Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory- Assesses the metaphysical implications of quantum theory by considering the impact of the theory on our understanding of objects as i… On The Nature of Law On The Nature of Law- Survey of theories on the conditions of legal validity including natural law theories and legal positivism; by Andrei Marmor. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy- Online philosophy reference work, articles are authored and updated by experts in the field. Edited by Edward Zalta. The Mathematics of Boolean Algebra The Mathematics of Boolean Algebra- Survey of the algebra of two-valued logic; by J. Donald Monk. Disjunction Disjunction- Theory and history of the binary connective 'or'; by Ray Jennings. Automated Reasoning Automated Reasoning- Survey of automated deduction and theorem proving; by Frederic Portoraro. The Epsilon Calculus The Epsilon Calculus- Discussion of David Hilbert's development of this type of logical formalism with emphasis on proof-theoretic methods; by Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach. Classical Logic Classical Logic- Introduction to classical logic, including completeness and Löwenheim-Skolem theorems; by Stewart Shapiro. Set Theory Set Theory- Survey of the mathematical theory of the infinite; by Thomas Jech. Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy Logic- Survey of logical systems with a continuum of truth values; by Petr Hajek. Intuitionistic Logic Intuitionistic Logic- The principles L. E. J. Brouwer used in developing his intuitionistic mathematics. By Joan R. Moschovakis, UCLA. Infinitary Logic Infinitary Logic- Infinitary Logic is a branch of formal logic where finitary formulae are replaced by potentially infinitary mathematical entities. By John L. Bell. Temporal Logic Temporal Logic- The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on the subject, with a detailed description, application areas and a bibliography. Mally's Deontic Logic Mally's Deontic Logic- Discussion of Ernst Mally's logic of obligation; by Gert-Jan Lokhorst. Modal Logic Modal Logic- Originally the study of deductive behavior of the expressions `it is necessary that' and `it is possible that', now also includes logics for belief, tense, the deonti… Substructural Logics Substructural Logics- By Greg Restall of Macquarie University. Many-Valued Logic Many-Valued Logic- Survey article on multiple-valued logics, by Siegfried Gottwaldof of Leipzig University. Logic and games Logic and games- Survey of game-theoretical approaches to logic; by Wilfrid Hodges. Peter of Spain (Petrus Hispanus) Peter of Spain (Petrus Hispanus)- Life and work of 13th century logician and author of the Tractatus; by Joke Spruyt. Square of Opposition Square of Opposition- By Terence Parsons. Medieval Theories of Modality Medieval Theories of Modality- By Simo Knuuttila of the University of Helsinki. Medieval Theories of Analogy Medieval Theories of Analogy- By E. Jennifer Ashworth of the University of Waterloo. Charles Sanders Peirce Charles Sanders Peirce- Life and work of 19th century American logician and philosopher; by Robert Burch. Peirce's Logic Peirce's Logic- By Eric M. Hammer of Stanford. Hilbert's Program Hilbert's Program- In 1921, David Hilbert made a proposal for a formalist foundation of mathematics, for which a finitary consistency proof should establish the security of mathem…