Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Frege's Logic, Theorem, and Foundations for Arithmetic Frege's Logic, Theorem, and Foundations for Arithmetic- By Edward N. Zalta of Stanford University. Episteme and Techne Episteme and Techne- Discussion of the distinction between knowledge and craft, or art in ancient philosophy; by Richard Parry. Reflective Equilibrium Reflective Equilibrium- The result of a process of reflection on an area of (moral) inquiry, a notion figuring prominently in Rawls' Theory of Justice; by Norman Daniels. Aesthetic Judgment Aesthetic Judgment- Philosophical theories about judgments of taste; by Nick Zangwill. The Moral Status of Animals The Moral Status of Animals- Philosophical theories about the difference between animals and humans responsible for the moral status of humans. By Lori Gruen. Libertarianism Libertarianism- Theory about the permissibility of non-consensual force violating property rights in external things and oneself; by Peter Vallentyne. Philosophy of Childhood Philosophy of Childhood- The philosophy of childhood takes up philosophically interesting questions about childhood, about conceptions people have of childhood and attitudes they … The Problem of Evil The Problem of Evil- Does the world contain undesirable states of affairs that provide the basis for an argument that makes it unreasonable for anyone to believe in the existence … William Penbygull William Penbygull- Life and work of 15th Century Oxford Realist philosopher; by Alessandro Conti. Robert Alyngton Robert Alyngton- Life and work of 14th Century British philosopher, follower of Wyclif and Burley; by Alessandro Conti. Charles Hartshorne Charles Hartshorne- Life and work of 20th Century metaphysician and philosopher of religion; by Dan Dombrowski. Epistemological Problems of Perception Epistemological Problems of Perception- Discussion of how sense experience justifies or warrants beliefs about the physical world; by Lawrence BonJour. Scottish Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century Scottish Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century- Survey of Scottish Enlightenment philosophers, including Francis Hutcheson, Henry Home (Lord Kames), and George Campbell; by lexande… Moral Particularism Moral Particularism- The claim that there are no defensible moral principles; by Jonathan Dancy. John Duns Scotus John Duns Scotus- In-depth article on the life, work, and thought of John Duns Scotus. By Thomas Williams. Medieval Theories of Relations Medieval Theories of Relations- Survey of medieval views concerning the nature and ontological status of relations; by Jeffrey Brower. Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning- Survey of theories on legal reasoning; by Julie Dickson. Integrity Integrity- Discussion of integrity as a virtue term; by Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine. Francis of Marchia Francis of Marchia- Life and work of 14th century French theologian; by Christopher Schabel. Moral Responsibility Moral Responsibility- Historical survey of the concept of moral responsibility; by Andrew Eshleman. Legal Punishment Legal Punishment- Justifications of legal punishment; by Antony Duff. The Medieval Problem of Universals The Medieval Problem of Universals- By Gyula Klima. The Experience and Perception of Time The Experience and Perception of Time- By Robin Le Poidevin. Scottish Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century Scottish Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century- Survey of the work of William Hamilton, James Frederick Ferrier, and Alexander Bain; by Gordon Graham. Quantum Logic and Quantum Probability Quantum Logic and Quantum Probability- How quantum mechanics can be regarded as a non-classical probabilistic calculus; by Alexander Wilce. Medieval Theories of Properties of Terms Medieval Theories of Properties of Terms- The theories of proprietates terminorum was the basis of medieval semantic theory; by Stephen Read. Cosmopolitanism Cosmopolitanism- The view that all human beings belong to a single community; by Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown. Justice as a Virtue Justice as a Virtue- Survey of justice as a virtue from Plato to Rawls; by Michael Slote. 18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant 18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant- Survey of work of, among others, Christian Thomasius and Christian Wolff; by Brigitte Sassen. Impartiality Impartiality- Survey of views on moral impartiality; by Troy Jollimore.