Philanthropy

Medieval Theories of Practical Reason Medieval Theories of Practical Reason- From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Anthony Celano. Divine Illumination Divine Illumination- Augustine's doctrine described by Robert Pasnau of the University of Colorado. Saint Augustine Saint Augustine- By Michael Mendelson of Lehigh University. Animal Consciousness Animal Consciousness- By Colin Allen of Texas A&M, addressing the qualitative or phenomenological nature of experience. Probabilistic Causation Probabilistic Causation- "Probabilistic Causation" designates a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools … Medieval Theories of Conscience Medieval Theories of Conscience- The ability to act on the determinations of conscience is tied to the development of the moral virtues, which in turn refines the functions of con… Artifact Artifact- By Risto Hilpinen of the University of Miami. Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas- Biographical and expository essay, by Ralph McInerny. Thought Experiments Thought Experiments- By James Robert Brown, University of Toronto. Stoicism Stoicism- Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. By Dirk Baltzly. Mental Imagery Mental Imagery- By Nigel Thomas of Leeds University. Miracles Miracles- Exploring Hume's argument and the religious significance. By Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia. Game Theory Game Theory- Von Neumann and Morgensterns mathematical theory of bargaining, introduced by Don Ross University of Cape Town. Karl Popper Karl Popper- By Stephen Thornton from the University of Limerick. Plotinus Plotinus- Life and work of this founder of Neoplatonism; by Lloyd Gerson. Pyrrho Pyrrho- The life and work of the founder of Pyrrhonism; by Richard Bett. Arthur Prior Arthur Prior- Detailed biographical article by B. Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury. Plato's Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology Plato's Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology- Discussion of Plato's views on metaphysics and the theory of knowledge, including his theory of forms; by Allan Silverman. Descartes' Modal Metaphysics Descartes' Modal Metaphysics- Interpretations of René Descartes' ontology of necessities and possibilities; by David Cunning. Descartes' Epistemology Descartes' Epistemology- By Lex Newman of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Donald Davidson Donald Davidson- Jeff Malpas of the University of Tasmania. Robert Desgabets Robert Desgabets- Life and work of 17th century Cartesian philosopher; by Patricia Easton. John Locke John Locke- Influential 17th century British political philosopher. Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind- By Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin. Leibniz on the Problem of Evil Leibniz on the Problem of Evil- By Michael J. Murray, Franklin and Marshall College. Max Stirner Max Stirner- Life and work of German philosopher of egoism; by David Leopold. Speusippus Speusippus- Life and work of Speusippus of Athens, son of Plato's sister Potone and head of the Academy; by Russell Dancy. Wilfrid Sellars Wilfrid Sellars- By Jay F. Rosenberg. Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer- Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Robert Wicks. George Santayana George Santayana- Life and work of early 20th century Spanish-born American philosopher; by Herman Saatkamp. Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury] Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury]- Life and work of 18th century English philosopher; by Michael Gill. Saadya [Saadiah] Saadya [Saadiah]- Life and work of Saadya Gaon (Saadya ben Joseph, known in Arabic as Sa'id ‘ibn Yusuf al-Fayyûmî, 10th century theologian, philosopher and rabbi; by Sarah Pessin. Baruch Spinoza Baruch Spinoza- Life and work of 17th century Dutch Rationalist philosopher; by Steven Nadler. Søren Kierkegaard Søren Kierkegaard- Essay about Kierkegaard's life, work, and philosophy by William McDonald. William James William James- Life and work of 19th century American philosopher; by Russell Goodman. Roman Ingarden Roman Ingarden- Life and work of Polish phenomenologist, ontologist and aesthetician; by Amie Thomasson. Bruno Bauer Bruno Bauer- Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Douglas Moggach. Robert Boyle Robert Boyle- Life and work of 17th century Irish philosopher and physicist; by J. J. McIntosh, University of Calgary. Brentano's Theory of Judgement Brentano's Theory of Judgement- Discussion of Franz Brentano's foundation for logic and epistemology; by Johannes Brandl. Bradley, F. H. Bradley, F. H.- By Stewart Candlish of the University of Western Australia. Bosanquet, Bernard Bosanquet, Bernard- William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University introduces the absolute idealist. John Buridan John Buridan- Life and work of late Medieval philosopher; by Jack Zupko. Karl Leonhard Reinhold Karl Leonhard Reinhold- Life and work of 19th century Austrian philosopher; by Dan Breazeale. Richard Rorty Richard Rorty- Life and work of 20th century American philosopher; by Bjørn Ramberg. Original Position Original Position- The original position is a hypothetical situation in which rational calculators, acting as agents or trustees for the interests of concrete individuals, are pic… Principia Mathematica Principia Mathematica- Entry by A.D. Irvine discussing Russell and Whitehead's treatise. Russell, Bertrand Russell, Bertrand- By A. D. Irvine. Thomas Reid Thomas Reid- Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by Gideon Yaffe. Giambattista Vico Giambattista Vico- Life and work of 18th century Italian philosopher; by Timothy Costelloe. Nicolas Malebranche Nicolas Malebranche- Life and work of French Cartesian philosopher; by Tad Schmaltz.